384 Notes to pages 33 to 38 Notes to pages 39 to 49 385 50 Maunce Halperin, The Rise and Decline of Fidel Castro Berkeley University of Calitomia Press, 1972. See also Bunachea and Valdes, Revolutionary Struggle were immediately dupersed after the landing He made his way to Havana and.
Einued tighting with the underground Alter Castro vietury he remained 18 obscurity and, in the mid 1960s, lotally disappeared from public view 21 Agustin Diaz Cartaya, interview with author in Havana, September 196)
22 Scc Franqui, Diano, 70 71, 79.
23. Thomas, Cuba, 1122.
24 Diaz Cartaya, interview with author 25 Thomas, Cubu, 1122 Merle, Moncada, 264, 269.
26 See Halperin, Castro Road to Power, BB 91, Gonzalez, Cubu under Castro, tool note, 83.
27 Thonias, Cubu, 851. Charles Howard, Sr. The Afro Cubans, Freedom ways 4, no 380 29 Thomas, Cubu, 851 For a full account of Castro capturc, sc Merle, Moncada 268 269 Castro own account appeared in Lu Calle Havana. 30 May 1955 30. Merle, Moncada, 268.
31 Howard, Sr. The Afro Cubans, 380 12 Information to author from private source inside Cuba 33 Howard, Sr. The Afro Cubans, 380. See also Thumas, Cuba, 1073.
34 Information to author from private source inside Cuba 35 These included Blas Roca, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez, and Lazaro Penia 36. See Daily Worker New York. August 1953, 3, and 10 August 1953, 1, LA Scheer and Zeitlin, Cuba, An Amencan Tragedy, 126, 127 37 The top Party leadership then included a good number of Blacks, among than Blas Roca Calderio, Lazaro Peña, Oscar Pinos Santos, Severo Aguirre, Carlos Olivares and Salvador García Aguero.
38. Walteriu Carbonell, interview with author, Havana, September 1963 39. An opponent of the Frente at the university, Carboncll reported, was Hispanic Cuben wnter Roberto femindez Retem, who regarded the organization u blach racist Reiamar became in 1969 the secretary general of UNEAC, then president of Casa de las Americas in the 1980 40 Cubonell, interview with author. Thomas, Cuba, 887 88 42 Carbonell, interview with author Thomas, Cuha, 888 Alter being expelled from the Cuban Communist party and drive inlo alle by Bausu police, Carbonell represented the Movimiento 26 de Julio in Europe al 1959 In that year he was appointed by Castro as the first Cubao subasada to an Ainican country, Tunisia In 1961 he was stripped of all official attribuţi031 after airing his views on the Negro question in a book, Crtica. Cómo surgió la cultural nacional Havana Ediciones Yake, 1961. which was banned on Cuto orders. He was finally arrested and imprisoned without trial in a labor camp from 1969 to 1975 45 Scheer and Zeitlin, Cuba, An Amencan Tragedy, S8 See Fidel Castro, la Historia me Absolverd Autodefensa del Di Fidel Castro de ante el Tribunal de Urgencia de Santiago de Cuba de Octubre de 1953 HIVI Delegación del Gobiemo, Capitolio Nacional, Sección de Impresos, 1960 47. See Marta Rojas, generación del centenano en el Moncuda Havana Edicionet 1965)
48 Thomas, Cuba, 822, 851, 1121.
49 Franqui, interviews with author, laly CHAPTER Fidel Casito dialogue with the Bay of Pigs captives (Playa giron Havana: ComiSada Nacional del Monumento a los Cuidos en Playa Girón, 1961. 456 571. Dopestre, Carta de Cuba, 98 Franqui, interviews with author, Italy Manuela Semidei, Les Etats Unis et la révolution cubaine Paras Prcuses de la Tonulanun Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1968. 57 58. See also Maurice Zeiten, Revolutionary Polmes and the Cuban Working Class (New York Harper a Row, 1970. 285 86. Harold Cruse, Rebellion or Revolution (New York William Morrow, 1968. 154.
Nicolls Guillen, interview with Dennis Sardinha, The Poetry of Nicolas Guillen London New Beacon Books, 1976. 80. Franco, The Moming Alter, 40, 42, 43 Revolución, 13 April 1959, Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (Humondsworth Penguin Books, 1967. 112 10 Franco. The Moming Alter, 68, 69, 70.
Il Calsin Heroton, Sex and Racism London Paladın, 1970, 76 77.
12 Fidel Castro, in Lockwood, Carro Cuba, 172 1) Nelson Amaro Victoria, Mass and Class in the Ongins of the Cuban Revolution, in Cuban Communism, ed Horowitz, 173.
14 Irving Louis Horowitz, Authenticity and Autonomy in Cuban Communism, in Cuban Communism, ed Horowitz, 120.
15 Thomas, Cuba, 1119, 1120 18 See Thomas, Cuba, 1109, 1119 1120, Robert Freeman Smith, ed. Background to Revolution The Development of Modem Cuba New York Alfred Knopf. 1966)
11 Thomas, Cuba, 1124 25.
16 Jose Elias Entraign, La liberación diruca cubana (Havana Imprenta de la Universidad de la Habana, 19531 19 las Elus Entralgo, La multización cubana, CASA Havanal 36 37 May August 1966176 80 20 See Salvador Garcia Aguero, Presència africana en la música nacional. Estudios Afrocubunas (Havana. 1937. 114 127 11 Entralga was appointed dean of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Havana in 1960 His son, Armando Entralgo, was appointed Cuba first ambassado in Ghana in 1963. Garcia Aguero became Cuba first ambassador to Guinea in 1961 22 Set Campaña contra la discriminación racial, Revolución, April 1959, 2 The Sociedades split into mulatto and Black branches, adopting names that reflected the acculrusaling mood of Black Cuba upper crust, Atenas (Athens)
ad Amantes del Progreso (Lovers of Progress. among them Nonetheless, they enjoyed great adherence among the mass of black Cubans as the only recreational and palical meeting places available to Blacks before the Revolution 14 See Betancourt Bencomo, Docinn negra; idem, Preludios de la libertad La fragedi del negro y la carica del partido comunista (Havans Fernandez. 1950. idem.
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