Notes to pages 12 to 17 381 40. Emesto Che Guevara, speech to the Nuestro Tiempo cultural society, 27 January 1959, in Grignon Dumoulin, Frdel Castro purle, 67. Gonzalez, Cuba under Castro, 4B.
42 S Karul, Where Castro Went Wrong, New Republic (August 1970)
13 Gonzalez, Cuba under Castro, 52 Extolling the new men yoveming the destiny of the Cuban people, he rembarked that the Cuban people now had caden who are ai their service, leaders who live modestly who work They see leaders who mingle with the people, who meet with the people, who give their hand to the poor Cuban and to the rich Cuban, to the black Cuban and to the white Cuban alike. Hence, there is created a complete identification between leaders and people, and for the first time there is a genuine de mocracy.
for the first time the people can reach the leader and speak with him on equal tertas Statement puhlished in Revolución, 10 April 1959, Translated in Gonzalez, Cuba under Castro, 52.
45 Gonzalez, Cuba under Castro, 52, 93 94 dá Karol, Where Caguro Went Wrong.
d? Gonzalez, Cuba under Castro, 93.
380 Notes to pages to 12 17 Franqui, interviews with author 18. Rolando Bonachea and Nelson Valdes, eds. Revolutionary Struggle 1947 1938 The Selected Works of Fidel Castro, vol (Cambridge, Mass MIT Press, 1972. 270. Scc also Pensamiento Critico 2111968 207 220 19. Carlos Franqui, Diano de la revolución cubana Paris Ruedo Ibenco, 1976. 150 20 franqui, interviews with authur 21. Lockwood, Castro Cuba, 23 22 Contrary to popular legend, Castro had intended a repeat performance of the Moncada assault upon landırg in December, 1956 See Yves Lacoste, Fidel Culo er la Sierra Macstra, Hérodote 1, no. 11977):7 33.
23. Franqui, Diario, 189.
24 Leslie Manigal, Evolution et revolutions. Aménque latine au XXème sidele, 1889 1929 Paris Editions Richelicu, 1973. 136 25. Franqui, Diano, 272 73.
26. Letter to Celia Sanchez, June 1958, reprinted in Franqui, Diario, 473.
27 Bonachca and Valdes, Revolutionary Scruggle, 98 99 28 Franqui, interviews with author 29 Carlos Nicor and Vicente Cubillas, Relalus inéditos sobre la accion revolucionaru del líder Frank Pais, Revolución, 30 July 1963, 2. Sec also Bonachea and Valdes Revolutionary Struggle, 99.
30 Franqui, Diario, 287, 288. The term Vilma Espin used, negrito, translate culber to nigger or blackie, depending on the context in which it is employed in any case, it is derogatory White Cuhans claim it a term connoting affection! AfroCubans, much like black Americans, use niche nigger) among ibemselves term of endearment and intimacy, but would react with violence if it were used by whiles. The latter, in rum, do not use the Kalo term niche or achando bu negrito or negro de mierda (nigger shiul, as a racial insuli.
31 Bonachca and Valdes, Revolutionary Siruggle, 98 99, 100 101.
32. The fouista conception found its most claborale elucidation in Che Guevara Renuniscences of the Revolutionary War (New York. Monthly Review Press, 1960 and Regis Debray Revolution in the Revolution (New York. Monthly Review Press, 1967)
33 Edward Gonzalez, Cuba under Casino: The units of Chansma Boston Houghton Mufflin Co, 1974. 93 94.
34 As quoted in Thomas, Cuba, 952. Nuestra razón was actually drafted by Manu Llerena, MR 26 international representative.
35. Carlos Moore, Le peuple nou a il sa place dans la révolution cubaine? Presence africaine 4, no 52 (19641:202 36. Dunng the armed struggle Balista began to propagalc rumors thal Castro Was intending a revolution for whites with the intention of alicnating the black masses from he armed struggle The rebels were quick to point out that therhood a Negro in their midst Thc rebels lost no time in comparing Almeida to the black general Antonio Maceo and presenting him as the new Maceo (Moore, Le peupk noir, 211 12. 37. Thomas, Cuba, 1122.
38. Revolución, February 1959, PP 1, 39. Castru own accounts agree with Hugh Thomas assessment thal, At the end of 1958 the rebel army was a heterogeneous group of about 3, 000 af mosi, many of them civilian camp followers Cuhu, 1042. CHAPTER 1 See Fidel Castro, Arlan de la revolution cubaine (Paris: Maspero, 1976. 17. The question af how many Blacks there are in Cuba remains highly controversial In his only public statement on this subject, however, Fidel Castro reported to toreign journalists in 1966 than half of Cuba population was of Alican descent See Le Monde 30 31 January 1966, and Al Abram, Cairo, 29 January 1966 For full discussion of Cuban racial demographics, see Appendix 3 Moore, Le peuple noir, 199 This information is based on the author converSallons with iwo black Rebel Army soldiers in 1962, and with Agustín Diaz Caraya, one of the black moncadistas.
Fidel Castro, press conference on 23 January 1959, transcribed in Revolución, 23 January 1959, 14 Interviews by. Hemindez Artigas, in Negros no ciudadanos! Revolución, 20 February 1959, 16 The Lasurtection of 1912 was an armed black uprising led by the Partido Independiente de Color US troops were landed, and the insurrection was crushed after three months of fighting. Thousands of Blacks were summarily executed as suspected sympathizers of the revali. Sec Rafael Fermoselle López, Black Politics 11 Cuba The Race War of 1912 (Ph. diss. The American University, 19721; Seralın Portuondo Linares, Los independientes de color Histona del Parudo Independiente de Color (Havana Publicaciones del Ministerio de Educación, Dirección de Cultura, 1950. See Juan René Betancour Rencomo, El negro, ciudadann del futuro (Havana Cardenas y Cia, 1957. idem, Doctrina negra La única teoria certera contra la dis.
cominación racial Havana. Fernández y Cia. 19551 Juán René Betancourt Bencomo, Fidel Castro y la integración nacional, in Recuento de la gran mentira comunista, recopilación de la revista Bohemia I, no.
236 (Hialeah, Fla. Empresa Recuentos, 1959.