later, additional anti government guerrilla warfare broke out in the northern provinces. This involved the more moderate Union of the Peoples of Angola (UPA)
The rebellion was ruthlessly suppressed by the Portuguese, and it has been Catimated that 20, 000 black Africans died in the fighting. Nevertheless, the revolt Imoldered on as the MPLA shifted its activities to the country eastern sector, continuing its guerrilla campaign from bases in neighboring Zambia In 1966, the UPA split into the pro western, socialist National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and the also pro western National Union for the Tocal Independence of Angola (UNITA) UNITA moved its guerrilla operations into the south central region. The rebels conducted standard guerrilla warfare Imbushes and hit and run attacks. and these persistent efforts tied down a sizeable Portuguese force. Estimates are that in the late 1960s half of Portugal national budget was being spent on its forces in Africa. Campaigns against the Portuguese were also under way in what later became the independent countries of Cape Verde Llands, Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique.
As often occurs in such cases, young Portuguese officers came to resent the unrelieved bush fighting and the inefficiency of the bureaucracy running the war from Lisbon. For years Portugal had been ruled by a dictator, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. He died in 1970, but his successors continued the wars. In April 1974, however, young officers toppled the nat nal government and installed a leftist regime that was willing to relinquish Portuguese West Africa (Angola. once an orderly succession rule could be insured.
Twice the three main liberation movements, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA, formed coalitions and twice the coalitions collapsed. When the Portuguese finally withdrew in November 1975, they left a country divided by civil war, with the (The failor Coalition the portuguese pulled out In mid Nov.
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